GERUND
Gerund adalah V1+ing yang difungsikan sebagai noun
(kata benda), seperti killing, playing, studying, eating, fishing,
shopping, dancing, dll.di dlm kalimat gerund ini bisa difungsikan
sebagai Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. . objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of
preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)
Subject Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat,
contoh:
·
Swimming is good service.- Your singing is very beautiful.
·
Studying needs time and patience.
·
Playing tennis is fun.
·
Reading English is easier than speaking it.
Subjective Complement Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam
kalimat biasanya selalu didahului yang terletak di antara to
besubject dan subjective complement, contoh:
·
My favorite sport is running.- My favorite activity is reading.
Direct Object Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
·
I enjoy dancing.- She likes dancing.
·
Thank you for your coming.
·
I hate arguing.
Object of Preposition Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang
terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of,
on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for,
by, in.
Contoh:
·
He is tired of gambling.- I am fond of eating bakso.
·
He insisted on seeing her.
·
I have no objection to hearing your story.
·
You will not be clever without studying.
·
They are good at telling funny stories.
·
In sleeping I met you in the park.
Appositive Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
·
My hobby, fishing, is interesting.- I do not like quarrelling,
a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositiv
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositiv
Penggunaan DO/DOES - HAS/HAVE
1.
Do/does:
Adalah kata kerja (Verb)
yang berarti melakukan suatu hal dan bisa juga untuk mendeskripsikan suatu hal
atau kegiatan. Contoh konjugasi dalam Bahasa Indonesia: melakukan, lakukanlah
dan sebagainya.
Pola penggabungan dengan subjek
dalam Bahasa Inggris:
He, She, It, Noun tunggal + Does
I, You, We, They, Noun Plural
+ Do
Dalam konteks masa lampau, semua
subjek di atas menggunakan Did.
Contoh:
·
He does his
homework at 7.00 pm (deskripsi umum; yang biasa dilakukan).
·
Harry does the
dishes after dinner (deskripsi umum; yang biasa dilakukan).
·
I do the
laundry in the afternoon (deskripsi umum; yang biasa dilakukan).
·
We do the
gardening in the morning (deskripsi umum; yang biasa dilakukan).
·
She did her
homework yesterday (lampau).
·
They did the
assignment last week (lampau).
Untuk membuat pertanyaan tinggal
meletakkan do/does sebelum subjek.
Contoh:
·
Do you like
her?
·
Does she miss
you?
Perlu diingat: Di sini do/does mempunyai
konteks deskripsi umum atau menceritakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang sering atau
biasa dilakukan. Sedangkan did digunakan untuk
menceritakan kejadian yg sudah terjadi dan selesai di masa lampau. Do/does masuk
dalamsimple present tense dan did masuk
dalam simple past tense.
2. Has/have:
Merupakan kata kerja (Verb) yang
berarti mempunyai atau memiliki. Ini digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan apa yang
kita punya dan kita miliki. Dalam Bahasa Inggris hal-hal yang kita termasuk
antara lain:
·
Deskripsi
fisik.
·
Orang-orang
di sekitar kita.
·
Barang.
Pola penggabungan:
He, She, It, Noun tunggal + Has
I, We, You, They, Noun Plural + Have
Dalam konteks masa lampau, semua
subjek di atas menggunakan Had.
Contoh:
·
She has blue
eyes. (sekarang)
·
We have two
children. (sekarang)
·
I had two
chickens a year ago. (masa lampau)
Untuk membuat pertanyaan tinggal
meletakkan has/have sebelum subjek.
Contoh:
·
Has she gone to
work?
·
Have they done
their homework?
Perlu diingat: Di sini has/have masuk
dalam present perfect tense dan had masuk
dalampast perfect tense.
Penggunaan DO/DOES
Penggunaan Do selain kata kerja(verb) dapat digunakan
juga sbge kata kerja bantu,
1.
Penggunaan
Do/Does (sebagai kata kerja)
DO termasuk jenis kata kerja yg tak beraturan
(irregular verb), yg punya arti mengerjakan/melakukan atau menyelesaiakan.
bentuk Verb-2 nya DID dan verb-3 nya DONE.
DO digunakan pada kalimat simple
present tense jika subject-nya plural. Plural subject yang dimaksud
adalah I, you, we, they, dan nouns yang dapat digantikan
dengan I, you, we atau they
example:
·
I do my
homework everyday.
·
You do that
n I will do this.
·
Ani and Anna
do their homework every sunday night.
DOES adalah bentuk singular dari verb1
DO. DOES digunakan pada kalimat present tense jika subjectnya singular. Yang
dimasud dengan singular subject adalah he, she, it dan nouns yang dapat
digantikan dengan he, she atau it.
example:
·
He do his
homework everyday
·
Ninda always
does a great job
2.
Penggunaan
Do/Does (sebagai kata kerja bantu)
Sebagai kata bantu, DO dan
DOES umumnya digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya
dalam pola simple present tense, dan jika kalimat tersebut menggunakan kata
kerja. DO digunakan jika subjectnya plural, sedangkan DOES digunakan jika
subjectnya singular.
example:
·
He doesn’t
do his homework everyday. (Dia tidak mengerjakan PRnya tiap hari). Di
kalimat ini, does adalah kata bantu, sedangkan do adalah verb1.
·
Do you love
him? (Apakah kamu mencintainya?). Sebagai bagian kata kerja.
Karena Gerund adalah bagian
kata kerja, ia dapat menggunakan objek di belakangnya. Misalnya :
Objek langsung (dengan transitif) :
·
He is clever
at teaching mathematics = Ia pandai dalam mengajarkan matematika.
Objek Tak Langsung (dengan
transitif)
·
He is clever
at teaching us mathematics = Ia pandai dalam mengajarkan matematika
kepada kami.
Objek yang tetap dipertahankan dalam
kalimat pasif (Retained object)
·
She is
pleased at being taught mathematics = Ia senang sekali terhadap
matematika yang diajarkan kepadanya.
Objek yang artinya mirip dengan kata
kerja itu sendiri = cognate object (dengan intransitif)
·
She is proud
of having sung a fine song = Ia bangga akan nyanyian merdu yang
telah ia nyanyikan.
Objek refleksif (dengan intransitif)
·
She is in
the habit of oversleeping herself = Kebiasaannya sendiri bangun
kesiangan (tidur terlalu lama)
The Infinitive with to
after:
|
the first
|
Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship.
|
the last
|
Peter was the last to watch the film.
|
|
the next
|
He is the next to get his passport.
|
after:
|
adjectives
|
I’m happy to be here.
|
It’s better not to smoke.
|
after:
|
certain verbs
(agree, choose, forget, hope, learn, promise,
regret, want, …)
|
I learn to drive a car.
|
after:
|
question words
|
I don’t know what to say.
|
Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop?
|
after:
|
want/would like
|
I want you to help me.
|
verb + object + to-infinitive
|
I helped my dad to clean the car.
|
The
Infinitive without to
after auxiliaries/modals
can
|
He can run very fast.
|
could
|
As a boy he could run very fast.
|
may
|
I may fly to Africa this summer.
|
might
|
I might fly to Africa this summer.
|
must
|
I must go now.
|
mustn’t
|
You mustn’t smoke here.
|
needn’t
|
You needn’t go.
|
shall
|
We shall sing a song.
|
should
|
We should sing a song.
|
will
|
She will cook a meal for his birthday.
|
would
|
She would cook a meal for his birthday.
|
after to do
do
|
I don’t know.
|
after the following expressions:
had better
|
You had better clean up your room.
|
would rather
|
Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow.
|
would sooner
|
I would sooner read a book than watch this film.
|
why not
|
Why not ask your neighbour for help?
|
why should we
|
Why should we go by car?
|
why should we not
|
Why should we not go by car?
|
after verbs of perception + object
(action has finished):
feel
|
She feels the rain fall on her face.
|
hear
|
I heard Peter sing a song.
|
notice
|
Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree.
|
see
|
They saw him climb up the roof.
|
watch
|
He watched the thieves steal a car.
|
after let + object:
let
|
Sandy let her child go out alone.
|
Mother let her daughter decide on her own.
|
|
let’s
|
Let’s go for a walk through the park.
|
after make + object:
make
|
She made Peggy and Samantha clean the room
|
http://noteazzuracutte.blogspot.com/2012/09/bahasa-inggris-gerund.html
http://ukonhafid.wordpress.com/2011/11/03/pengertian-gerund-and-infinitive/
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